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Large deviation from the European Central Bank. Mario Draghi, warned on Friday that a central bank "may quickly lose credibility" and that "it would have a huge economic and social costs." It refers to market demand and France, reject, would be for the ECB buys massive state debt to halt the rise in interest rates in the euro zone and end to the crisis. A policy that the institution refuses to take on behalf of his economic principles.

"Our credibility implies the success of our monetary policy to anchor inflation expectations in the medium and long term (…) to sustain growth, job creation and financial stability. And we make this contribution in full independence, "insisted Mario Draghi.You must not wait any longer. "

Mario Draghi anticipates a decline in inflation

In his statements on Friday, the President of the ECB also said it expects a weakening "in most advanced economies." Specifically, "in the euro area, downside risks to the outlook have increased, and activity weakened moderate the pressure on prices," he added. One way, perhaps, pave the way for a new lower interest rate in December. In early November, the ECB has declined by 25 basis points (or 0.25%) to 1.25%.

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Suppression of PTZ + in the former.

Real estate agents who regularly praised the virtue of PTZ + (interest-free loan +) for a first house purchase new or old are particularly concerned about the impact of its removal. Now, this loan will be confined to new housing, generally more expensive .. "This offered the most fragile families a path to home ownership, says Jean-François Buet, general secretary of the Fnaim. Its end is a bad signal, we move away from France owners desired by the President. " Many professionals would rather see the PTZ + subject to means test rather than disappear.

"Of the 750,000 transactions this year, 300,000 were funded with a PTZ + in the former and 230,000 are for goods that are not primary residences, says Jean-François Buet.The new data on so three quarters of the transactions. " According to calculations by the federation of real estate, sales volume may decline by 200,000 acquisitions.

For his part, Michel Mouillart economist estimates that the measure "the crisis will be more extensive than in 2008 and will have a negative impact on the volume of mortgage loans."

And on the price? In addition to budget savings, the measures are supposed to help regulate prices. "They do not go down that much, said Sebastien de Lafond, president of the network MeilleursAgents.com. For the suppression of PTZ + will lower an already weak demand, but at the same time the tax on capital gains holding back the offer. "

Spinetta and Juniac at the head of Air France

The war of positions that settled for months at the head of Air France KLM, in view of the succession of the CEO Pierre-Henri Gourgeon, should find its outcome brutal Monday.

Reportedly, the board will meet to start RECORDED Pierre-Henri Gourgeon. In office since 2009, the executive director of the group pays two things. On the one hand, his conflict with the chairman of Air France-KLM, Jean-Cyril Spinetta, and on the other hand, the disappointing results of the company. "He did not totally unworthy, but a change in governance was necessary at the time of uncertainty hovering over the company and the industry," says a close case. No comment was made Sunday at the headquarters.

Overhaul of the governance

The departure of Pierre-Henri Gourgeon will be accompanied by an overhaul of governance.Jean-Cyril Spinetta back in service by chairing executive of Air France-KLM. The owner of the historic French airline, the architect of his marriage with his Dutch counterpart, never far away from its management. In addition, Juniac Alexander, former chief of staff Christine Lagarde, will be named him CEO of Air France. A key post in the new organization which eventually opens the way for the management of all Air France-KLM.

After months of controversy within the Board and the Company, the Nominating Committee consists of four directors (Jean-Francois Dehecq, Patricia Barbizet, Jean-Marc Espalioux and Cornelis van Lede) has finally agreed on the name 'Alexander Juniac, under the watchful eye of the state, which owns 15.7% of the group.Ironically, the former right hand man was the candidate pushed by Pierre-Henri Gourgeon, opposite Jean-Cyril Spinetta, who advocated an internal solution. Indeed, this lively debate which had laid bare the tensions between the two leaders of the company.

The new organization, which will be confirmed Monday, also intended to bring Air France-KLM in a position to face its difficulties. The latest quarterly (April to June 2011) revealed an operating loss of 147 million euros. Back into the red after one brief year of profits. Since then, the situation was still tense, so that the group launched in early September a new savings plan. No figures have been officially announced, but it evokes a range of 700 to 800 million euros.The specific measures should be adopted at the end of this month.

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The United States, the first market for L'Oreal

The future of L'Oréal does not rely only on the lips of Chinese, Indian hair and skin of the Brazilian. To continue to grow, the world leader in cosmetics is also focusing on the United States, its largest market, where it generates 20% of its global sales.

It has set a goal of doubling within ten to fifteen years, the number of consumers worldwide, reaching 2 billion. "The United States will be the third largest contributor of new customers, behind China and India, but ahead of Brazil and Pakistan, provides Rozé Frederick, head of L'Oréal States. This will be the only mature market among the top ten contributors. "

L'Oréal already has 160 million consumers in the United States and would like to win 70 million more, to achieve 1.6 billion euros in annual sales by an additional ten to fifteen years."These additional sales will be higher than those from China," according to Frederic Rozé. Loréalienne this ambition "is not an official target, said cautiously Jean-Paul Agon, CEO of the group. Rather, it is a dream. But dreams are important in business. " L'Oréal United States, the 10,500 employees are mobilized to turn this "dream" into reality. And benefit from the successful relaunch of the subsidiary. After two years of decline, its sales went back up 6.1% last year, reaching 4.779 billion dollars, a record.

The scope for growth remains high online pay day loans. While the market share of L'Oréal approach 20% in Europe, it is only 13.1% in the U.S., where the group is preceded by Procter & Gamble (Pantene, Olay, SK II, Cover Girl , Gucci …).Its leaders would like to double it.

Men and seduced the Hispanic community

L'Oreal teams have identified specific categories of population potential, age, gender and income. If 78% of women are consumers of L'Oréal in the United States, one in two Americans do not consume products home.

The group will particularly try to win men and women of the Hispanic community. It also relies on a sales growth in product categories where it is still low. Its market share is 53% of color and 35% on makeup, but only 11% in shampoos and 17% in skin care. To continue to grow overseas, L'Oreal has its U.S. brands (Maybelline, Redken, Ralph Lauren, Kiehl's …), which represent 20% of its worldwide turnover … but 35% in the United States.

The group could also carry out acquisitions. Last year, he bought Essie, a small brand of nail polish, so far mainly distributed in shops manicure. "Since we sell in supermarkets, U.S. sales have tripled, provides Damien Bertrand, head of global brand. Our market share reached 10% after a few months. "Essie will land soon in France at Monoprix.

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Investing in a student residence

For two years, investment in student residence has regained color, thanks to the encouragement of the state. But this should not last because the draft budget law for 2012 provides the tax benefit to plane provided by the device Censi-Bouvard. 18% today, the tax reduction will be reduced to 12% next year. A bad blow to student housing. "We feel the need for housing to 250,000 and this measure goes against the will displayed by the government to double the park students, said Philippe Josse, General Manager at Bouygues Immobilier France accommodation. It seems desirable to distinguish between corporate residences, tourism, nursing homes and students and to encourage investment in priority. "Meanwhile, Jean-Philippe Bourgade, CEO of Bouwfonds Marignan, remains serene."We must not dramatize and expect a decline in business because, anyway, it will be built to meet the needs, he says, the market is healthy to five years. We have done an excellent year in 2010 and 2011 should also be a good year, especially as sales are accelerating. "It is a fact, like last year, investors expect the decline in tax cuts .

Those interested now they still have time to buy and enjoy the scheme Censi Bouvard-current? "Of course, exclaims Jean-Philippe Bourgade, the offer still exists," It is also necessary to achieve the sale by the end of the year. "Considering that the deed of sale requires time and a half months, investors have until mid-November to engage," says Philippe Josse.If the investor has the status of renting dwellings unprofessional (Leaseback), the device will be Bouvard Censi-acquired and will give him until 31 December, a tax reduction of 18% on the amount of its investment (HT), reduction spread over nine years, subject to a ceiling of 300,000 euros. Since the signing of a commercial lease, the investor is also entitled to recover the VAT at 19.6%. Provided he keeps his property for twenty years. Otherwise, the IRS will not hesitate to claim his due in proportion to the missing years.

Nevertheless, this type of investment must be carefully considered.For if it can reap tax savings, it also implies constraints.

Investing in a student residence is to buy a home in a building designed for student life, with only small areas (studio, 2 rooms maximum) and provided with services to facilitate the lives of occupants: reception, cafeteria, laundry room study, recreational areas … The entrance ticket is modest, about 80,000 to 100,000 euros for a studio from 18 to 20 m².

The investor undertakes commercial lease of at least nine years to rent a well furnished and to entrust the management to the operator of the residence which will then sublet the property and rental income to pay the investor.Care must be taken when the load distribution and quality of the operator.

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Spain, Italy and Belgium in the viewfinder of rating agencies

Fitch Ratings lowered the rating two notches from Spain, which now stands at "AA-". Spain held so far a "AA +", the fourth highest on a scale of twenty. More worryingly, the note is accompanied by a 'Negative' outlook, which means that the agency could lower it back to medium term.

Spanish growth at half mast

Moody's in turn should decide by the end of October on a possible downgrade Spanish now "Aa2" (the third best possible)."With significant funding needs" of the Spanish State, to cover its budget expenditures and net external debt is "one of the highest in the world" (91% of GDP), said Fitch, "the more volatile strong a negative effect on financing conditions in the market of Spain. "

But there are also internal factors in the country "risks to fiscal consolidation as a result of performance parts." The same agency Fitch has lowered Wednesday including the long-term rating of the Basque Country, one of the richest region in which it criticizes the "weak fiscal performance." Growth forecasts have been revised downwards. Wednesday, the Bank of Spain announced that the country's growth expected to slow in the third quarter, to reach an economic activity 'lackluster'.The Spanish government has also recognized that the economic growth targets it had set for 2011 and subsequent years would be "hard to reach" because of the risk of recession in the world.

Italian governance into question

Fitch also lowered the rating one notch to Italy, "A +" against "AA-" and does not see her again in the fall if the country would miss its targets for reducing the budget deficit. Fitch was the last of three major international rating agencies have not downgraded from Italy since the beginning of the debt crisis in the eurozone no fax cash advances. She explained that the high level of public debt and budgetary financing needs, combined with the low level of potential growth (the country), made in Italy especially vulnerable.The Agency is challenging the country's governance and stressed that the differences in the Parliament and the escapades of the prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, help to weaken the ruling coalition.

Belgium heckled by Dexia

Belgium is also in sight. The agenceMoody's said it was considering lowering its rating, currently at "Aa1", the second best possible. The agency cited three reasons: the crisis in the euro area, concerns for economic growth and the possibility of additional support to the banking system, particularly in establishing Franco-Belgian Dexia.

Another European country in turmoil, Portugal, has been confirmed its rating of "BBB-" (the last before falling into the category of "speculative") by Fitch, which continued on negative watch at least until the end of the year.Standard & Poor's, confirmed Tuesday the rating "BBB-" from Portugal, while maintaining it as a negative outlook. Portugal, the third country in the eurozone after Greece and Ireland to receive international financial assistance, is facing new economic challenges that undermine his efforts to clean up its public accounts. Progress in implementing the program of the European Union and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and its budget for 2012 will be crucial.

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Crisis: Bernanke and Trichet worried

The CAC 40 lost nearly 3%, Wall Street sells more than 1%. The atmosphere is clearly not fixed in the beautiful capital markets on Tuesday. The bosses of U.S. and European central banks did nothing to calm them.

Two days before his last conference as president of the ECB, Jean-Claude Trichet is pessimistic for the euro area. "We believe that the euro area will be very moderate in the second half," said one who will be replaced by Mario Draghi on November 1. As for inflation, he said that the rate should remain "above 2% in the coming months. Next year, it should fall below. " These are all signs that suggest that interest rates should remain unchanged Thursday.

As for the United States, the head of the central bank, Ben Bernanke is more optimistic."Recent indicators, including those of new jobless claims show that it is likely that the sluggish growth in employment continues in the coming period," he warned. Before the Joint Economic Committee of Congress, the Fed chairman has urged politicians to "avoid taking fiscal measures may impede the ongoing economic recovery."

"We can not just replace the government"

Sluggish growth, employment at half-mast, high unemployment, the United States and Europe are the worst of an economic plan. And while a slowdown is being felt in China. Most economists expect further aid from the central banks against the inaction of governments, but Ben Bernanke and Jean-Claude Trichet reminded of a common voice that States to revive the global economy."The measures to promote healthy growth of the economy and employment are the shared responsibility of all politicians, in close cooperation with the private sector," he argued. And the President of the ECB concluded: "It is their responsibility to deal with the worst crisis in the postwar period. We can not substitute for governments under any circumstances. "

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The CAC 40 expected sharply lower after Fed

Concerns about the health of the U.S. economy may once again to weigh on the markets in Paris. In the wake of Wall Street the day before and Asian stock markets this morning, the CAC 40 is expected to open sharply lower at least about 2%, according to forecasts, having already fallen by 1.6% in the previous session.

Markets should sanction and the decision of the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) on Wednesday. In fact, the Central Bank of the United States announced new measures to support the U.S. economy. It will sell well here in late June 2012 for $ 400 billion of treasury bills and short-term buy for the same amount with a longer maturity in an attempt to lower interest rates in the long term (an "Operation Twist").To support the mortgage market, it will also acquire real estate securities without increasing the size of its portfolio, according to the Committee.

However, markets did not appreciate his verdict on the economy, noting the "continuing weakness" of the labor market, with an unemployment rate of "high" of 9.1%, coupled with "significant risks "related" tensions in global financial markets. " "The opinion of the Fed on the economy is deteriorating a lot and it seems it can not do much with the Republicans (he) asked not to intervene," says Yutaka Miura, analyst at house brokerage Mizuho Securities, the Dow Jones Newswires.

Thus, the market had expected better, especially after worrying about the International Monetary Fund.The day before, the institution headed by Christine did not hesitate to raise the specter of a global recession and launched at policy makers in the world "a fervent call to action". At the same time the institution has significantly downgraded its growth forecasts for the global economy. This is expected to grow 4% in 2011 as in 2012, 0.5 points below its previous forecast of 4.5% last April.

Beijing sees its manufacturing activity deteriorated

To this must be added the emergence of concerns about the economic situation in China. Manufacturing activity in the country has deteriorated in September, reaching its lowest level in two months, according to preliminary PMI bank HSBC said on Thursday. PMI Purchasing Managers calculated by HSBC in September reached 49.4 against 49.9 in August, knowing that a figure below 50 means contraction."We are seeing a moderation in growth as in the past two months. Fears of a hard landing of the Chinese economy are unjustified, "said in a note Qu Hongbin, the chief economist for China at the bank.

In addition, investors are increasingly worried about the evolution of the crisis of public finances in Europe no fax cash advance. Greece announced Wednesday its intention to launch new austerity measures to convince the Troika and obtain payment of a new tranche of 8 billion euros in October that will allow it to avoid bankruptcy.

On the foreign exchange market, the dollar was up against the euro. It was worth 1.3544 dollars per euro, against $ 1.37 the day before in Asia.Oil falls as himself down under the effect of a rise in the dollar and pessimistic forecasts from the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) for the world's largest economy.In early electronic trading, a barrel of "light sweet crude" for October delivery gave up $ 1.21 to 84.71 dollars per barrel of Brent North Sea crude for October delivery lost $ 1.26 to 109, $ 10.

On the macroeconomic front, France, the index of labor costs in industry, construction and service sector in the second quarter will be released at noon.

In the U.S., the weekly claims for unemployment benefits will be unveiled at 14.30, and the composite indicator of economic activity for the month of August in 16 hours.

Earlier this afternoon, the markets also expect the statements of Robert Zoellick and Christine Lagarde, respectively president of the World Bank and IMF Executive Director, at the opening of the annual meetings in Washington

Values ​​to follow

• Banking

BNP Paribas, which has seen its share price unscrew more than 50% in three months, may request assistance to private investors understood the Financial Times. Analysts said that the institution may seek to raise up to EUR 2 billion from investors from Qatar and Abu Dhabi. However, an assumption that sweeps by the Director General of the bank Baudoin Prot.Investors also will keep an eye on Societe Generale and Credit Agricole.

• Saint-Gobain

The group has conducted Wednesday through placement of a bond issue in two tranches for a total of 1.75 billion euros with an average maturity close to six years and an average coupon of almost 4% in the refinancing of debt specialist construction materials. The transaction was heavily oversubscribed as the order book has reached the aggregate for the two tranches over seven billion from nearly 400 investors.

• Danone

The company launched its next bond issue of € 500 million due 2016.

• BioAlliance

The group announced Wednesday the confirmation of the clinical trial schedule Livatag against the primary liver cancer, starting with the pivotal Phase III in 2012.The company also reported a residual income of 1.02 million euros in the first half.

Markets relapse, the CAC 40 lost 3% to 2940 points

The Greek crisis can not stop producing its adverse effects on the markets. Monday, the Paris Bourse had another session black. The CAC 40 has raised the red flag at the opening. He then widened its losses for most of the session. At the finish, he loses 3% to 2940 points.

Even gloomy atmosphere on other European financial centers. In Frankfurt, the Dax lost 2.83% and the FTSE in London has sold 2.03%. The ill wind has also blown on Wall Street. Sitting in the Dow Jones fell by 1.93% and the Nasdaq 2.06%.

Last week, European markets had experienced a brief respite, hoping significant progress on the issue of Greek debt. But the meeting of European finance ministers on Friday and Saturday in Poland ended in failure.They have postponed any decision on the October installment of a new tranche of 8 billion euros to Greece, which desperately needs the money.

Banks on the front line

The markets welcomed the news calmly. "Despite the need for action, European leaders continue to show slow and have not yet ratified the measures promised July 21," observe the experts Saxo Bank guaranteed high risk personal loans. But for the strategists of Aurel BGC, the markets will continue to brood, "as investors will not feel that a lasting solution was found for Greece."

Trying once again to reassure the French Minister of Economy Baroin said that the issue of a default of Greece, feared by some observers was "not a working hypothesis" in the zone euro.Investor caution was also reinforced by the expectation of two important deadlines in the afternoon. A teleconference between the Greek Finance Minister Evangelos Venizelos and the Troika, "between the European Commission, the ECB and the IMF. In the U.S., investors sifting through the intervention of President Barack Obama, who introduced new measures to reduce the deficit amounting to 3 trillion dollars. Bank stocks were again at the forefront. BNP Paribas lost 5.48% and 6.70% Societe Generale.

Hesitant, Wall Street closed on a small rise

The U.S. stock markets in the green close an arduous one session on Tuesday. After starting down, the Dow ended with a gain of 0.40% to 11,105.85 points while the Nasdaq climbed 1.49% to 2532.15 points and the S & P 500 by 0.91% in 1172 , 87 points.

Investors had eyes turned to Europe, where each new about the problems of sovereign debt is analyzed carefully. Like yesterday, the news that Rome had asked Beijing to make significant repurchases of its sovereign debt, has indeed done so. While Italy has been completely denied the reports, the fact that China could get involved gives some confidence to operators.

Similarly, another new fueling hope the five emerging BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) should discuss next week the opportunity to assist the EU in turmoil the debt crisis. They could increase their holdings of bonds denominated in euros.

Finally, the announcement of a conference call Wednesday between Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou, French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor feeds market recovery. Some investors have been dreaming of sensational announcements.

The United States involved

U.S. operators, such as Europe and Asia, remain very concerned about Greece. They fear it will not be able to meet these budget commitments, which threaten to bankrupt the country and aggravate the crisis in Europe.An output of the euro in Greece is also now considered by many economists.

This morning Jean-Pierre Jouyet, chairman of the Financial Markets Authority (AMF), said on iTV that Greece may have to undergo further restructuring of its debt than expected. German side, Angela Merkel is trying to catch up about his Economy Minister Philipp Rösler, who spoke Monday the event of a default of Athens.In a radio interview BBB, the Chancellor found it necessary to "avoid any uncontrolled process in the euro area."

The United States also stressed that they became involved in resolving the crisis in the eurozone, as the Treasury secretary, Timothy Geithner will participate Friday in the meeting of Ministers of Economy and Finance Union European Poland.

The U.S. deficit rises again

On the foreign exchange market, the euro was down slightly Tuesday against the dollar and the yen on Monday after falling $ 1.35 for the first time since February and the lowest for 10 years against the yen, and the voltage was strong, the markets fear more a possible failure of Greece.At the opening in New York, the European currency was worth 1.3673 dollars against 1.3624 dollars.

As for oil prices, they ended up sharply Tuesday, the market betting on a sharp drop in crude inventories in the United States, despite pessimistic forecasts of consumption of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IEA). On the New York Mercantile Exchange, a barrel of "light sweet crude" for October delivery ended at 90.21 dollars, up 2.02 dollars compared to the previous day.

On the macroeconomic front, the prices of imported products in the United States had started to decline in August, according to figures released by the Washington Department of Labor. The price index for the ministry declined 0.4% from the previous month, after rising 0.3% in July. This is its second decline in three months.It is lower than in June, where import prices have declined for the first time in a year (0.7%).

The fiscal deficit of the United States it is increased again in August after four consecutive months of decline, according to figures released Tuesday in Washington by the Treasury Department. The negative balance of public finances of the federal state stood at 134.152 billion dollars for the eleventh month of the fiscal year 2010-2011, 48% more than in August 2010, the ministry said.

Samsung attack Apple

The side of values, Hewlett-Packard (0.53% to 22.70 dollars) announced on Tuesday that 41.62% of the shareholders of Autonomy UK (1.63% to 39.85 dollars) had supported its bid.The U.S. group also announced it was extending its offer until Oct. 3.

The giant South Korean Samsung Electronics Electronicsa complaint in France against its U.S. rival Apple (1.23% to 384.62 dollars) for a litigation involving three patents relating to UMTS technology. "The complaint focuses on three technology patents, and not the design of the shelves," as was the case during a recent trial in Germany, said a spokesman for Samsung.

Rating agencies could worsen them. Moody's (3.29% to 30.46 dollars) has indeed said yesterday that it planned to degrade the note by the McGraw-Hill (3.01% to 41.471 dollars) has announced its intention to focus on rival rating agency Standard and Poor's division after educational activities.Fitch has already passed the act.

For his part Nordson Corp. (5.39% to 42.59 dollars) yesterday announced after the close had authorized a share repurchase program of $ 100 million.

Note also the U.S. internet group AOL (-2.47% to 14.39 dollars) has appointed a new editor for TechCrunch, the site of information on technologies he had bought in September 2010, after 10 days controversy over the fate of the former owner, Michael Arrington. The new editor is Erick Schonfeld, Associate Editor edited by Michael Arrington. AOL announced that Michael Arrington, founder of the site, decided to leave TechCrunch and AOL to devote to investment funds that it recently launched.